F 210 
.G 11 



A Litde Treatise 



Southern Civilization 





Copyright}!^. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



A LITTLE TREATISE 

ON 

SOUTHERN CIVILIZATION 

WITH 

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FOUNDING 

OF 

SOUTHERN ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL 
SCIENCE ASSOCIATIONS 



BY 

HELEN GRAY 



Author of Finland: A Little Land that is True to Itself 
(A Study of Finland under Russia, Compared with the South of the United States) 



JUSTITIA VIRTUTUM REGINA 



PRICE 'jh CTS. 



THE L. GRAHAM CO., LTD. 

PRINTERS 

NEW ORLEANS, LA. 



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Copyright Sept. 1915 

By HELEN GRAY 

AH rights reserved 



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OD made man and woman on the sixth day, 
and He gave them dominion over all the 
goods of the earth; and He gave them the 
inquisitorial faculty for discovering the 
wonders of the natural world. 

God told them, the man and the woman, 
to subdue the earth : and have dominion over the fish of 
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every 
living thing that moveth upon the earth. 




PREFACE. 



B 



EFORE entering into this little discussion on 
Southern Civilization, I want to call your 
attention to a Lamp that I saw in London; 
a Lamp of wonderful light, set in the heart 
of the great city. Should you contemplate 
a visit to London, I strongly recommend 
that you inform yourself on the nature of this Lamp. 
You may not note its brilliancy at first, — London being 
a smoky city, — but if you have any mother-wit in your 
head, you will soon perceive that this Lamp is filled with 
the oil of purpose, that its rays seek to search into the 
corners of the past; to pierce through the veil of the 
future, and to throw light upon the present. The name 
of this Lamp is The London School of Economics & 
Political Science. Its counterpart should be in every 
state in the American Union. Agitate for a School of 
Economics & Political Science in your home-state. 



HELEN GEAY. 



^'Gray Lodge/' 

Claiborne, La., 
Covington, P. 0. 
Sept. 31, 1915. 



CHAPTER I. 

The South. 

A FEW 3'ears ago, while traveling in one of our 
Southern States, I happened upon a little pine- 
woods community which was inhabited by people of the 
class which have become known to the world as "poor 
whites." They were of the usual type, apathetic and 
ignorant. One family consisted of a father and mother 
and ten children — ten children to make good citizens if 
given a chance. I was told that the mother had recently 
come out of the insane asylum. It seems that she had 
become despondent and apparently neglectful of her chil- 
dren. The neighbors told her husband that she was 
lazy and needed a whipping, advice which he thought 
best to act upon, although he was known to be fond of 
his wife. 

But this supposed cause of the trouble did not prove 
to be the correct one; for it became necessary to carry 
the woman to an insane asylum, where rest and nourish- 
ing food enabled her in a few months to return restored 
in mind and health to the bosom of her family. 

Germany, in the Thirty Years' War, lost the ma- 
jority of her population. England's population was 



8 Southern Civilization 

halved by the black death scourge. But pinching poverty, 
and lack of nourishing food — slow famine, I say, have 
been the factors most forceful in bringing down the 
population of the world; in destroying the physical 
health and moral character of the peoples of the earth. 
Statistics accredit the English well-to-do class with an 
average length of life twice as great as that of the poor 
and pinched. 

And under wrong economic and political conditions 
it is woman who is the chief sufferer. The Almighty 
has endowed man with physical strength; the child is 
protected by the mother-love; it is woman who bears 
the brunt. 



CHAPTEE II. 

The Case of the South — The Key to Her 
Salvation. 

PROBABLY no large body of people ever before lived 
under laws so antagonistic to their welfare as the 
laws under which live the people of the Southern States 
of the American Union — a people descendants of Revo- 
lutionary ancestors who, for mutual benefit, entered into 
an agreement of federation with the people of other 
American States, to whom they had given aid and com- 
fort in a common struggle for mutual independence. 

To overcome the obstacles that are retarding our 
civilization we should study our history, past and present, 
from an economic and political viewpoint ; and we should 
study the principles of economics and political science, 
that we may be able to apply them to our conditions. 

In studying history from an economic and political 
standpoint, we are led to analyze, to weigh effects and 
causes. We are, then, to this extent, better able to reach 
the tap-roots of our troubles. 

Economics treats of man's efforts to make a living. 
It is the Science of Civilization. 

Political science treats of government. 

Upon wise laws and sound economic conditions de- 



10 f^outhern Civilization 

pend the health, the wealth, and the happiness of a 
people. 

To neglect either of these sciences is to neglect our 
civilization, and to neglect to advance our civilization is 
to neglect a duty that we owe to the child in the cradle, 
to our aged parents, to our sisters and to our brothers. 

The establishment of schools and special libraries of 
Economics and Political Science; and the formation of 
associations for the study and discussion of economic 
and political subjects, are vitally necessary to the better- 
ment of conditions in the Southern States. Were this 
purpose to prevail, the change for betterment in our 
political, social, and economic conditions would be so 
prompt and so great as to seem little short of a miracle. 

The people of the Southern States should study the 
larger problems that are aifecting their civilization, and 
the civilization of the Union. They should endeavor to 
get at the foundation of their troubles. They, as well as 
the other sections, should bear in mind that the more the 
Federal government taxes the people the less the States 
can tax the people. It is possible for the Federal govern- 
ment to tax the States into illiteracy and virtual slavery. 

The people of America ought to learn by heart Mad- 
ison's Delates in the Federal Convention of 17 87; and 
the Debates in the State Conventions on the Adoption 
of the Federal Constitution. 



CHAPTEE III. 

Suggestions for Libraries of Economics and 

Political Science, and for Southern 

Economic and Political Science 

Associations. 

ALIBEARY of Economics and Political Science may 
contain : books that treat specifically of economic 
and political problems; books that bear indirectly on 
these problems; books on commerce, business, finance, 
geography, history, travel, biography, ethnology, ethics, 
philosophy, philanthropy, law, logic, sociolog}% socialism, 
etc. etc. A list of books suitable for a Library of Eco- 
nomics and Political Science will be found at the end 
of this volume. 

Suggestions for Constitutions. 
Objects. 

The objects of this Association shall be : 1. To study, 
and promote an interest in the Sciences of Economics 
and Politics, and their allied subjects; and, in particu- 
lar, to study the economic life and history of the South. 

2. To encourage the youth of the South to study the 
economy and history of the South. 



12 Southern Civilization 

3. To promote, in the principal city of each South- 
ern State, the founding of a school of Economics and 
Political Science, patterned, more or less, after the 
London School of Economics and Political Science; 
having for its particular purpose the study of the prob- 
lems of the Southern States; and the preparing of men 
and women for lecturing on these problems. 

4. To encourage the founding of libraries of 
Economics and Political Science in towns and cities 
throughout the South ; and to encourage throughout the 
South associations for the study of these sciences, and 
the study of the economy and history of the South. 

5. To promote a Southern Economic and Political 
Science Monthly. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Historic Facts. 

COLUMBUS discovered the New World. 
John Cabot discovered the North American Con- 
tinent. 

Sir Walter Raleigh was the Father of English colo- 
nization. 

Virginia Dare was the first Anglo-Saxon child born 
on American soil. 

Jamestown was the first permanent English settle- 
ment in America. 

Virginia was the first Republic in America. 

Patrick Henry stirred the American people to revo- 
lution. 

George Washington won the Independence of 
America. 

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

James Madison is called the Father of the Constitu- 
tion. 

George Mason wrote: 

The Virginia Bill of Rights. 
A Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives 
of the good people of Virginia, assembled in full and 



14: Southern Civilization 

free Convention, which rights do pertain to them and 
their posterity, as the basis and foundation of Govern- 
ment. Unanimously adopted June 12th, 1776. 

I. That all men are by nature equally free and in- 
dependent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, 
when they enter into a state of society, they cannot by 
any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, 
the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of 
acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and 
obtaining happiness and safety. 

II. That all power is vested in, and consequently 
derived from, the people; that magistrates are their 
trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them. 

III. That government is, or ought to be, instituted 
for the common benefit, protection and security of the 
people, nation or community; of all the various modea 
and forms of government, that is best which is capable 
of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety, 
and is most effectually secured against the danger of 
maladministration; and that^ when a government shall 
be found inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a 
majority of the community hath an indubitable, un- 
alienable and indefeasible right to reform, alter or 
abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most con- 
ducive to the public weal. 

IV. That no man, or set of men, are entitled to 
exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the 
community but in consideration of public services, which 
not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magis- 
trate, legislator or judge to be hereditary. 



Southern Civilization 15 

V. That the legislative, executive and judicial 
powers should be separate and distinct; and that the 
members thereof may be restrained from oppression, by 
feeling and participating the burthens of the people, 
they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private 
station, return into that body from which they were 
originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by fre- 
quent, certain and regular elections, in which all, or any 
part of the former members to be again eligible or in- 
eligible, as the laws shall direct. 

VI. That all elections ought to be free, and that all 
men having sufficient evidence of permanent common 
interest with, and attachment to the community, have 
the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed, or deprived 
of their property for public uses, without their own con- 
sent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor 
bound by any law to which they have not in like manner 
assented, for the public good. 

VII. That all power of suspending laws, or the ex- 
ecution of laws, by any authority, without consent of 
the representatives of the people, is injurious to their 
rights, and ought not to be exercised. 

VIII. That in all capital or criminal prosecutions, 
a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of 
his accusation, to be confronted with the accusers and 
witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor, and to a 
speedy trial by an impartial jury of twelve men of his 
vicinage, without whose unanimous consent he cannot 
be found guilty ; nor can he be compelled to give evidence 



16 Southern Civilization 

against himself; that no man can be deprived of his 
liberty, except by the law of the land or the judgment 
of his peers. 

IX. That excessive bail ought not to be required, 
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- 
ishments inflicted. 

X. That general warrants, whereby an officer or 
messenger may be commanded to search suspected places 
without evidence of a fact committed, or to seize any 
person or persons not named, or whose offence is not 
particularly described and supported by evidence, are 
grievous and oppressive, and ought not to be granted. 

XI. That in controversies respecting property, and 
in suits between man and man, the ancient trial by jury 
of twelve men is preferable to any other, and ought to 
be held sacred. 

XII. That the freedom of the press is one of the 
great bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained 
but by despotic governments. 

XIII. That a well-regulated militia, composed of 
a body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, 
natural and safe defence of a free state; that standing 
armies in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous 
to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be 
under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil 
power. 

XIV. That the people have a right to uniform gov- 
ernment; and therefore, that no government separate 
from or independent of the government of Virginia, 



Southern Civilization 17 

ought to be erected or established within the limits 
thereof. 

XV. That no free government, or the blessing of 
liberty, can be preserved to any people but by a firm 
adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality 
and virtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental 
principles. 

XVI. That religion, or the duty which we owe to 
our Creator, and the manner of discharging it, can be 
directed only by reason and conviction, not by force or 
violence; and therefore all men are equally entitled to 
the free exercise of religion, according to the dictates 
of conscience; and that it is the duty of all to practice 
Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each 
other." 

See original in Elliott's Debates in Convention. 

"The Constitution was framed to conform to the 
principles declared in the preceding. Bills of Eights 
have been prefixed to the Constitutions of all the States 
then and since organized. In principle, they are all 
nearly the same. The Declaration of Eights is consid- 
ered more sacred than the constitutional provisions for 
the government. The form of the Constitution may be 
changed; but the political rights of man, as scheduled 
in the bill, are considered to be too sacred to be altered. 
All governmental decrees, whether constitutional or 
statutory, must conform to the principles set forth in 
the Bill of Eights." — Shaffner. 



18 Southern Civilization 

Adam Smith's Maxims on Taxation: 

"I. The subjects of every State ought to contribute 
towards the support of the government as nearly as 
possible in proportion to their respective abilities; that 
is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively 
enjoy under the protection of the State. 

"II. The tax which each individual is bound to pay 
ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of pay- 
ment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, 
ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to 
every other person. 

"III. Every tax ought to be levied at the time or in 
the manner in which it is most likely to be convenient 
for the contributor to pay it. 

"IV. Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to 
take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as 
little as possible over and above what it brings into the 
public treasury of the State." 



CHAPTEE V. 
On Travel. 

WHEN you travel, make your object instruction as 
well as pleasure. 

What do you understand by the term "visiting in- 
dustry?" 

Have scenery and manners a relation to Economics? 

Visit Jamestown, Williamsburg, Yorktown, Eich- 
mond, Charleston, Montgomery, Beauvoir, San Antonio. 
For what are these places noted? 

Have you seen the Peaks of Otter ? Natural Bridge ? 
Mammoth Cave? Stone Mountain? Tallulah Falls? 
The Five Islands of Louisiana? The Great Dismal 
Swamp ? 

Have you visited the mountain regions of North 
Carolina and Tennessee ? The Hot Springs of Arkansas ? 
Florida ? Texas ? Have you traveled on the Mississippi, 
the most famous river in the world ? Name some famous 
Southern rivers. 

Have you traveled on the Hudson? 

Have you seen Niagara ? the White Mountains ? 

Name the finest harbor in the South. 

When you go to Eichmond, visit the Historical So- 
ciety and ask to be shown the table upon which George 
Mason wrote the Virginia Bill of Eights. 



20 Southern Civilization 

When you go to London, visit the British Museum, 
and ask to be shown a document called Magna Charta. 

Note — The student who desires to study Southern History 
in connection with Economics and Political Science would 
benefit by a year's reading at the British Museum Library 
in London. 

Travelling Notes Written hy Thomas Jefferson for Two 
Friends, June S, 1788. 

General Observations. — On arriving at a town, the 
iirst thing is to buy the plan of the town, and the book 
noting its curiosities. Walk around the ramparts, when 
there are any, go to the top of a steeple to have a view 
of the town and its environs. 

When you are doubting whether a thing is worth the 
trouble of going to see, recollect that you will never again 
be so near it, that you may repent the not having seen 
it, but can never repent having seen it. But there is an 
opposite extreme, too; that is, the seeing too much. A 
judicious selection is to be aimed at, taking care that the 
indolence of the moment have no influence in the de- 
cision. Take care particularly not to let the porters of 
churches, cabinets, etc., lead you through all the little 
details of their profession, which will load the memory 
with trifles, fatigue the attention, and waste their and 
your time. * * * They wish for your money, and 
suppose you give it the more willingly the more they 
detail to you. 



Southern Civilization ^1 

Objects of Attention for an American, — 1. Agri- 
culture. Everything belonging to this art, and what- 
ever has a near relation to it. Useful or agreeable an- 
imals which might be transported to America. Species 
of plants for the farmer's garden, according to the 
climate of the different States. 

2. Mechanical arts, so far as they respect things 
necessary in America, and inconvenient to be trans- 
ported thither ready-made, such as forges, stone quarries, 
boats, bridges (very especially), etc., etc. 

3. Lighter mechanical arts, and manufactures. Some 
of these will be worth a superficial view; but circum- 
stances rendering it impossible that America should be- 
come a manufacturing country during the time of any 
man now living, it would be a waste of attention to ex- 
amine these minutely. 

4. Gardens, particularly worth the attention of an 
American, because it is the country of all others where 
the noblest gardens may be made without expense. We 
have only to cut out the superabundant plants. 

5. Architecture worth great attention. As we double 
our numbers every twenty years, we must double our 
houses. Besides, we build of such perishable materials 
that one-half of our houses must be rebuilt in every 
space of twenty years, so that in that time, houses are 
to be built for three-fourths of our inhabitants. It is, 
then, among the most important arts ; and it is desirable 
to introduce taste into an art which shows so much. 

6. Painting. Statuary. Too expensive for the state 



22 Southern Civilisation 

of wealth among us. It would be useless, therefore, and 
preposterous, for us to make ourselves connoisseurs in 
those arts. They are worth seeing, but not studying. 

7. Politics of each country, well worth studying so 
far as respects internal affairs. Examine their influence 
on the happiness of the people. Take every possible 
occasion for entering into the houses of the laborers, and 
especially at the moments of their repasts ; see what they 
eat, how they are clothed, whether they are obliged to 
work too hard; whether the government or their land- 
lord takes from them an unjust proportion of their labor ; 
on what footing stands the property they call their own, 
their personal liberty, etc., etc. 

8. Courts. To be seen as you would see the tower 
of London or menagerie of Versailles, with their lions, 
tigers, hyenas, and other beast of prey, standing in the 
same relation to their fellows. A slight acquaintance 
with them will suffice to show you that, under the most 
imposing exterior, they are the weakest and worst part 
of mankind. Their manners, could you ape them, would 
not make you beloved in your own country, nor would 
they improve it could you introduce them there to the 
exclusion of that honest simplicity now prevailing in 
America, and worthy of being cherished." 

On Preparation for Travel. 

Extract from a letter of George Washington to Kev. 
J. Boucher, tutor of John P. Custis, Washington's step- 



Southern Civilization 23 

son and ward, on a contemplated trip abroad. Dated 
Mount Vernon, 9th July, 1771: 

"In my last I informed you, that the friends of Mr. 
Custis were divided in' opinion, as to the propriety of 
his travelling, not because they thought advantages 
would not result from it, but on account of the ex- 
pense His estate is of that kind, which rather 

comes under the denomination of a large than a profit- 
able one heavy expensive chancery suit is in- 
stituted against his estate My own inclinations 

as strong as ever for Mr. Custis pursuing his 

travelling scheme, provided the Court should approve of 
the expense, and provided, also, that it should appear, 
when his judgment is a little more matured, that he 
was desirous of undertaking this tour upon a plan of 
improvement, rather than a vague desire of gratifying 

an idle curiosity, or spending his money I 

cannot help giving it as my opinion, that his education, 
from what I have understood of his improvement, how- 
ever advanced it may be for a youth of his age, is by no 
means ripe enough for a travelling tour. Not that I 
think his becoming a mere scholar is a desirable educa- 
tion for a gentleman, but I conceive a knowledge of 
books is the basis upon which other knowledge is to be 
built, and in travelling he is to become acquainted with 

men and things rather than books Now, 

whether he has time between this and next spring to 
acquire a sufficient knowledge of these studies, or so 
much of them as is requisite, I leave you to judge; as 



24 Sonthern Civilization 

also whether a boy of seventeen years old can 

have just notions of the end and designs of travelling. 
I have already given it as my opinion, that it would be 
precipitating this event unless he were to go immediately 
to the university for a couple of years, in which case he 
could see nothing of America; which might be a dis- 
advantage to him, as it is to be expected that every man, 
who travels with a view of observing the laws and cus- 
toms of other countries, should be able to give some de- 
scription of the situation and government of his own." 



CHAPTER VI. 

Suggestions and Questions Concerning the State 
IN Which You Live. 

WRITE a short sketch of the State in which you 
live. 

Mention its leading historical events. 

Describe its scenery, rivers, lakes, mountains, val- 
leys, etc. 

Has your State mineral springs, mines, quarries, 
caves, forests, fisheries? 

Has it any noted beautiful objects of nature? 

Are they under State control? 

Has it a fine harbor? 

Has it a "gateway" city? 

Name its agricultural products, manufactures, and 
other industries. 

What is the educational status of your State ? 

Who are your leading historians, poets, prose-writers, 
educators, lecturers, artists, sculptors, musicians? Are 
they well supported? 

Visit a dry-goods store in your town and ask to be 
shown something that was made in your own State; 
likewise a grocery store, stationery, etc. Appoint a com- 
mittee to collect useful information concerning your 
State. 



26 Southern Civilization 

Take an interest in everything that makes for the 
betterment of your State. 

Promote Tourist Bureaus in your principal cities. 

Make a tour of your State — this can be done in com- 
panies — for the purpose of studying its advantages and 
disadvantages. 

What is you per capita State Tax? 

What is your per capita Federal tax? 

What does your State do for you? 

What does your National gavernment do for you? 

Estimate the amount of money the people of your 
State pay into the Federal treasury. 

Estimate the amount returned by the Federal gov- 
ernment, and for what purposes. 

What effect will the embargo on cotton have upon 
Southern welfare? 

How far should the Federal government go in giving 
aid to its people in distress ? 

Important questions that concern our welfare to-day 
are : The Tariff ; Federal Pension Bill ; Private Pension 
Bills; Federal Eeceipts and Disbursements; Vocational 
Schools; Eiver Transportation; Mississippi River Im- 
provements; Cotton Warehouses. 

Visit the manufacturing concerns of your com- 
munity. Encourage playgrounds, settlements, kinder- 
gartens, swimming-pools, garden-schools, etc. 

Visit the public schools of your town, read their 
library list, suggest additions on economic and political 
subjects. 



Southern Civilization ^'^ 

Keep the center-table of your sitting-room abun- 
dantly supplied with books. 

Give a Home Products Tea for the benefit of your 
Southern Economic and Political Science Association. 

Start a depot for selling home-made preserves, or 
engage in some other work that will help people to help 
themselves in making a living. 

Start a museum in your town, if there is none there, 
and collect interesting relics to put in it. 

Interest your country people in scientific dairy farm- 
ing and poultry culture, and other matters that will help 
both them and you. 

Subscribe for a good newspaper, read and discuss the 
vital questions of the day, particularly those that relate 
to the South. 

Celebrate the 13th day of May, anniversary of the 
founding of the first English colony in America — May 
13th, 1607. 

Be Initiative. 

Be Original. 

Organize. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Questions and Suggestions. 

DO the people of the South encourage and support 
their poets, prose-writers, artists, sculptors and 
lecturers, as other communities do ? Why has magazine- 
making never been encouraged in the South? 

To what cause can you trace the fact that Southern 
people are averse to encouraging the initiative in their 
own people? 

Mention some inventions and discoveries by Southern 
men whose talent was not substantially recognized in the 
South. 

Outline the efforts to get on in the South, financially, 
of Edgar A. Poe, Wm. Gilmore Simms, Paul H. Hayne, 
Henry Timrod, Sidney Lanier, Madison Cawein. 

Name some of the leading American organizations 
for betterment work, and tell in what section of the 
country each originated. 

How many originated in the South ? 

If we had garden-schools as Finland has, could we 
afford to give employment to trained gardeners as Fin- 
land does ? If not, why ? 

Know Thyself. 

Write an essay on the men of the Southern States of 



Southern Civilization 29 

the American Union. Compare them with the men of 
other hinds. 

Write an essay on the women of the Southern States 
of the American Union. Compare them with the women 
of other lands. 

Man is largely a product of circumstances. What 
traits of character develop in a people who have been 
conquered in war? 

What in the conquering people? 

What do you understand by the term, "Self-abase- 
ment?" 

What do you understand by the phrase, "To him that 
hath?" 

Did the people of the Old South ever live under 
Oligarchic rule? 

The student of economic and political conditions 
should practise analyses, cultivate the initiative faculty, 
and aim at independence of thought. 

Another thing to remember: It is our faults that 
need our attention, our virtues can take care of them- 
selves. 

Fifty years after the Franco-Prussian War, France 
had again become one of the richest nations of the earth. 
Account for her rapid recovery from the effect of that 
terrible war. 

Fifty years after the Sectional War, the South is 
practically without capital. Account for her slow re- 
covery from the effects of the only gigantic Sectional 
War in history. 



30 Southern Civilization 

Why has Porto Eico a longer school-term than any 
of the Southern States? 

Do yon favor a public budget? 

Write a sketch of Federal Government. 

What do you understand by the "general-welfare" 
clause of the Constitution? 

Would Mississippi River improvements come under 
the general-welfare clause? 

Estimate the amount of damage done by Mississippi 
Eiver floods since 1870. 

What do you think is the most vital question in the 
United States to-day ? 

What the three most vital. 

In what particular respect are Greece, Ireland and 
the South alike? 



CHAPTER VIII. 
Questions Concerning Agriculture. 

WHO introduced indigo-culture into America? 
Who introduced sugar-cane culture into 
America ? 

What famous Southern staple was introduced into 
South Carolina by a vessel in distress ? 

In what Encyclopsedia was it said that the Carolinas 
would have sunk to the level of Cuba and the Antilles 
but for New England ? 

How did this assertion originate ? 

Who said of South Carolina that during the Eevo- 
lutionary War "she suffered more, dared more, and 
achieved more than any other State?" 

Tell something about the first Agricultural Society 
formed in Fredericksburg. For what purpose was it 
founded ? 

"Where is the "Land of the big red apple ?" 

What vegetables did DeSoto find growing in 
Arkansas ? 

Who was the founder of Arkansas? 

What edibles did the first settlers find growing in 
Virginia? (Notes on Virginia, p. 284.) 

Write an essay on the fruits of Florida. 



32 Southern Civilization 

How many pounds of indigo were exported from 
Florida in 1772? 

How many barrels of naval stores were exported from 
Florida in 1779? 

Tell the story of hemp in Kentucky. 

What Southern State leads in peanut-growing? 

When was Virginia a leading grain-growing State ? 

(Read Jefferson's letter to Governor Patrick Henry, 
dated March 27, 1779, Works.) 

Write an essay on Southern plantation life in the 
seventeenth century. 

Name the leading cotton-mill States of the South. 
Who was James DeBow ? 



CHAPTER IX. 
Questions — History. 

NAME the three vessels that comprised the fleet of 
Columbus. 

How many voyages did Columbus make to America? 

Relate the story of Roanoke Island. 

What early explorer sailed for America in a ten-ton 
bark named The Squirrel? 

Name the three ships that brought the first colonists 
to Virginia. 

Tell what occurred in Virginia between 1607 and 
1620. 

Whose portrait did an English Queen present to- 
Virginia ? 

What King and what poet called the English domain 
in America "the Kingdom of Virginia?" Was it so 
designated by other people? 

From an historic point of view, what would be the 
most appropriate name for the United States? 

In a letter to Marquis de Lafayette, Washington 
wrote, "I shall welcome you with all the warmth of 
friendship to Columbia's shore?" Would Columbia be 
a good name for the United States? 

The town of Plymouth, England, is associated with. 



34 Southern Civilization 

three events in America. Name them in order of their 
occurrence. 

Was the richest man of English colonial days a 
philanthropist ? Was he a good business man ? 

Make a list of Southern philanthropists. 

Tell the story of the Mayflower. 

Jefferson said: "I have sometimes asked myself, 
whether my country is the better for my having lived at 
all? I do not know that it is. I have been the instru- 
ment of doing- the following things, but they would have 
been done by others; some of them perhaps a little 
better." Give Jefferson's enumeration of the things that 
he did for his country. ( Works, Vol. 1.) 

Name the first college in America to found a chair 
of History and Political Science. William and Mary. 

W^ho was Richard Hukluyt? 

Who were the Tories? 

Who were the Scovolites and the Regulators ? 

Tell the story of the Northwest territory. 

Tell the story of the Watauga settlement. 

What Southern patriot spent fifteen months in the 
Tower of London? 

What heir to a throne settled in Tallahassee? Did 
he make a good citizen? 

What is your idea of a good citizen? 

Describe the visit of Lafayette to Alabama. 

Tell something about Wm. Hunter; Micajah Pendle- 
ton; Alexander McGilliray; Wm. B. Mumford; Dick 
Dowling; David Dodd. 



Southern Civilization 35 

Tell something about Nancy Hanks; Eliza Lucas; 
Emma Sanson; Margaret; Sophie Wright. 

What mother of a Confederate General gave eight 
sons to the Confederacy? 

Tell the story of the Siege of Vicksburg. 

On what Southern battle-field is there a monument 
erected to a woman? 



CHAPTER X. 
Questions — History. 

WHO was the Father of Reconstruction? 
Into how many Military Districts was the South 
divided in Reconstruction days? 

Who was Tecumseh Sherman? Tell the story of his 
march through Georgia. Tell the Btory of Lee's march 
into Pennsylvania. 

On the wall of what Southern Temple of Learning 
is there a portrait of Tecumseh Sherman ? Comment. 

How did Alexander the Great act towards the people 
he conquered? 

What does Montesquieu say of Gelon? 

What can you say of Charles Sumner? Thad Ste- 
vens? Benjamin Butler? 

Who was Colonel Winslow ? 

Write an essay on the Salem witchcraft. 

Write an essay on the New England Quaker hang- 
ings. 

Write an essay on Acadia in Canada. 

Write an essay on Acadia in Louisiana. 

Estimate the amount of money, provisions, and am- 
munition sent by the Southern States to Boston at the 
time the British closed her port. 



Southern Civilization 37 

What saying is accredited to Washington when he 
heard that the port of Boston was to be closed? 

Has Boston ever done anything for the South ? 

What happened to Virginia on March 2, 1867? 

Who were the first people known to. history to with- 
draw from a Federal Union? 



CHAPTER XI. 
The Race Question, 



WHAT has been called "the New England bar- 
gain?" 

The Anti-Slavery Society of the North began its 
work with a malignant attack on the Colonization So- 
ciety. Comment on their reasons for doing so. 

In 1826, how many Anti-Slavery Societies did North 
Carolina have ? How many did Tennessee have ? How 
many did Massachusetts have ? 

Who built the slave ship "Jolly Bachelor" and the 
"Cradle of the Republic?" Who was Peter Faneuil? 

What is your opinion of Booker T. Washington? of 
Toussaint L'Ouverture? 

What became of the son of King Phillip, of King 
Phillip's War fame ? 

Who was Madame Lalaurie? 

How did Virginia stand on the slavery question in 
1832? 

Frances Wright started near Memphis the first school 
for negroes in the South. How was she received by the 
people of Tennessee? 

How did John Brown show his interest in the 
negroes ? 



Southern Civilization 39 

Where was John Brown born? 

Did Southern women ever petition for the abolition 
of slavery? 

Do you think we will ever become like Brazil? 

Do you favor the deportation of the negro? 

Write a sketch of the Colonization Society. 

The American Colonization Society was the outcome 
of a resolution passed in the Virginia Legislature in 
December, 1816, when the Governor of Virginia was 
asked to communicate with the President of the United 
States on the subject of acquiring on the coast of Africa 
a body of land whereon to found a colony for free colored 
people. Judge Washington was made president of the 
society, and among those- interested in the scheme was 
Henry Clay. The second article of the Constitution 
reads : 

"Article II. The subject to which its attention is to 
be exclusively directed is to promote and execute a plan 
for colonizing (with their consent) the free people of 
color residing in our country, in Africa, or such other 
place as Congress shall deem most expedient. And the 
society shall act to effect this object in co-operation with 
the regular government, and such of the States as may 
adopt regulations on the subject." 



CHAPTER XII. 

Topics for Study and Discussion. 

Federal Taxation System. 

State Taxation System. 

Federal Reserve Banks. 

'The Tariff. 

The Pension Bill. 

Federal Revenues and Expenditures. 

National Defence. 

Ship Subsidy Bill. 

Rivers and Harbors Bill. 

Our Navigable Streams. 

Cotton Claims Bill. 

Mississippi River Improvements. 

Our Public Lands. 

Fisheries. 

Forests. 

Mineral Resources. 

Immigration. 

Commission Government. 

Labor. 

Poverty: Its Dangers. 

Riches: Its Dangers. 

Big Business. 



Southern Civilization 41 

Eace Problem. 

Child Labor. 

Great Trades of the World— Cotton. 

Wheat. 

Eice. 

Sugar. 

Coffee. 

Cocoa. 

Bananas. 

Tobacco. 
The Law of Diminishing Eeturns. 
Agriculture. 
Manufactures. 
Public Eoads. 
Pure-Food Laws. 
Our Visiting Industry. 

Cooking-Schools: Effect of Nourishing Food on 
Civilization. 
Pellagra. 
Domestic Help. 
Sanitation. 
Public Baths. 
Compulsory Education. 
Vocational Schools. 
The Ante-Bellum Southern Plantation. 
Southern Emancipation Societies: Cause of Their 
Decline. 

Colonization of the Negro. 
Our Southern Poor. 



42 Southern Civilization 

Causes of Illiteracy in the South. 

Causes of the Eevolutionary War. 

Causes of the Civil War. 

Character of the Southern Cavalier. 

Character of the Puritan. 

Effect of Carpet-bagger Eegime on Southern Society. 

The Northernization of the South. 

Our Manners. 

Architecture. 

Business Ethics. 

Topics for Study and Discussion. 

The Physiocrats. 

The Mercantilists. 

The Malthusian Doctrine. 

Theocracy. 

^lonarchy. 

Democracy. 

Federalism. 

Feudalism. 

Socialism. 

Individualism. 

Philanthropy. 

Servilism. 



Southern Civilization 43 

Topics for Study and Discussion. 

Primitive Man. 
The Hunter Stage, 
The Pastoral Stage. 
The Agricultural Stage. 
The Industrial Stage. 
Village Communities. 
The Greek Commonwealths. 
The Achaen League. 
The Hansaetic League. 
The Italian Eepublics. 
The League of the Forest Cantons. 
The Burghers of the Netherlands. 
*The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. 
The Old Confederation. 
The American Union. 
The Southern Confederacy. 
Eunnymede. 



Note — ''As the genuineness of this declaration has been 
recently questioned in different sections of the country, refer- 
ence is particularly requested to an extract from a letter 
written by Sir James Wright, Governor of Georgia, to the 
home government, of date June 20, 1775, one month after the 
date of that declaration (May 20, 1775), in which he states 
that 'by the enclosed letter your lordship will see the ex- 
traordinary resolves by the people in Charlotte Town, Meck- 
lenburg county.' This statement settles for all time the 
authenticity of that declaration. The extract was recently 
furnished to the reviser of this work, March 7, 1876, by the 
Historical Society of Georgia." — Principle and Acts of the 
^Revolution. 



44 Southern Civilization 

Topics for Study and Discussion. 

Phoenicia. 
Carthage. 
Babylon. 
Egypt. 
Athens. 
Sparta. 

Causes of the Decline of Greece. 
Causes of the Fall of Home. 
The Dark Ages. 
Influence of Christianity. 
The French Eevolution. 
St. Domingo. 
Liberia. 

Compare Plutocratic Eome With 
Plutocratic America. 



CHAPTER XIII. 
Biographical Studies. 



Washington. 
Benjamin Franklin. 
John Adams. 
Alexander Hamilton. 
James Madison. 
Thomas Jefferson. 
John Randolph. 
Patrick Henry. 
Bryan Fairfax. 
George Mason. 
John Marshall. 
John Quincy Adams. 
John Sevier. 
John C. Calhoun. 
Henry Clay. 
Daniel Webster. 
Jefferson Davis. 
Abraham Lincoln 
Ulysses Grant. 

Pericles. 
Solon. 



46 Southern Civilization 

Alfred the Great. 
Eobert E. Lee. 
William of Orange. 
Sir Walter Raleigh. 
Pocahontas. 
Joan of Arc. 
Stonewall Jackson. 
Sam Davis. 

Isabella. 

Columbus. 

John Cabot. 

Juan Ponce de Leon. 

Hernando DeSoto. 

Captain John Smith. 

Queen Elizabeth. 

Nathaniel Bacon. 

Oglethorpe. 

Oliver Cromwell. 

George III. 

Consult: Card Catalogue. 

Poole's Index. 

Encyclopaedias. 

Historical Association Publications. 

Your Library of Economics and Political 
Science. 

Congressmen and Senators. 

U. S. Bulletins. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Quotations. 

"The existence of man depends upon his ability to 
sustain himself ; the economic life is therefore the funda- 
mental condition of all life." — Seligman, 

"Man's character has been moulded by his everyday 
work, and the material resources which he thereby pro- 
cures, more than by any other iniluence unless it be that 
of his religious ideals; and the two great moulding 
agencies of the world's history have been the religious 
and the economic The influence of circum- 
stances in fashioning character is generally recognized as 
the dominant fact in social science.'^ — Marshall. 

"The feeling of wonder is the genuine mark of the 
philosopher; for philosophy has its origin in wonder. — 
Plato. 

Moses Menddelsohn said: "We see the human race 
making oscillations backwards and forwards ; but it has 
never taken a few steps forwards without soon sliding 

back with double rapidity to its former state 

This is, then, the very movement of the stone of Sis- 
syphus." 



48 Southern Civilization 

"The list of our riches is lengthened every day, and 
there is every reason to believe that, were our knowledge 
perfect, this vast world would not contain one blade of 
grass, one grain of sand, in which we had not been able 
to discover some measure of utility." — Gide. 

"Knowledge is our most powerful engine of produc- 
tion; it enables us to subdue Nature and force her to 
satisfy our wants." — Marshall. 

"Not wealth, which is but a complex and shifting of 
material goods, but man's business with wealth, is the 
subject matter of political economy. This business it 
views from a special point, that of the common 
weal." — Cossac. 

"The distribution of wealth is a matter of 

human interest solely. The things once there, mankind, 
individually or collectively, can do with them as they 
like. They can place them at the disposal of whom- 
soever they please, and on whatever terms. Further, in 
the social state, in every state except total solitude, any 
disposal whatever of them can only take place by the 
consent of society, or rather of those who dispose of its 
active force. Even what a person has produced by his 
individual toil, unaided by any one, he cannot keep, un- 
less by the permission of society. Not only can society 
take it from him, but individuals could and would take 
it from him, if society only remained passive; if it did 



Southern Civilization 49 

not interfere en masse, or employ and pay people for the 
purpose of preventing him from being disturbed in the 
possession. 

"The distribution of wealth, therefore, depends on 
the laws and customs of society. The rules by which it 
is determined, are what the opinions and feelings of the 
ruling portion of the community make them, and are 
very different in different ages and countries ; and might 

be still more different if mankind so chose We 

have here to consider, not the causes, but the consequences,, 
of the rules according to which wealth may be dis- 
tributed Society can subject the distribution 

of wealth to whatever rules it thinks best ; but what prac- 
tical results will flow from the operation of those rules 
must be discovered, like any other physical or mental 
truths, by observation and reasoning." — Mill. 

Illustration of governmental distribution of the 
people's money: "The writer [Thos. Eeynolds, a Meth- 
odist preacher] knows a pensioner on the bounties of 
the government who served for a few months in the 
United States Volunteer Army ; when the war closed he 
took up fox-hunting, which, it is alleged, brought on an 
attack of inflammatory rheumatism, for which he has 
received the princely sum of forty thousand dollars, with 
more to follow." — Quoted from Arkansas Historical 
Association Publication. 

"The distribution of wealth is under the direct 



50 Southern Civilisation 

control of laws for which the national conscience is re- 
sponsible; and the distribution of wealth has become 
better or worse precisely as the national conscience has 
been directed to, or directed from, the laws controlling 
it.'' 

"To what, then, was the Eevolution due? To one 
sole cause : to the invasion of the rights of English citi- 
zens — in other words, to the spirit of Libert}' that ani- 
mated the souls of those who had struck their roots deep 
into the American soil : to the spirit of Free institutions 
which flamed in every colony and in every class. From 
northern Maine to southern Georgia, gentle and simple, 
churchmen and dissenters alike cherished it." — Page. 

"The fundamental Law of Nature being the preserva- 
tion of mankind, no human sanction can be good or 

valid against it No man or society of men 

have a power to deliver up their preservation, or con- 
sequently the means of it; they will always 

have a right to preserve what they have not the power 

to part with; this fundamental, sacred, and 

unalterable law of self-preservation." — Loclce. 

"Doubtless much of the indolence which we have 
been accustomed to regard as constitutional with certain 
races and nations of men, and as indicating lack of 
physical endurance or feebleness of will, is due simply 
to the absence of incentive resulting from unjust laws 



Southern Civilization 51 

or bad social institutions. It would be enough to make 
one laugh to hear the Scotch spoken of as lazy. The 
energy and perseverence of that people have been illus- 
trated in every quarter of the globe. Yet, three or four 
generations ago, the Scottish people, says, Prof. Hearn, 
Vere conspicuous for their incorrigible indolence.' The 
ample explanation was found in the almost universal 
system of short leases or of tenancy at will, which de- 
prived the cultivator of all assurance that his labor in 
improving the land would profit himself. A single wise 
act of legislation cured this defect ; and with the system 
of short leases and tenancies at will disappeared the 
laziness of the Scotch people. 

"Not half so long ago as that, the Irish were a proverb 
over Europe, for indolence and shiftlessness in labor. 
Arthur Young describes them as ^lazy to an excess at 
work, but spiritedly active at play.' The Irishman of 
that day was spiritedly active at play, because the fun 
was sure to be his own, and there were no laws or in- 
stitutions which robbed him of his spirit. He was lazy 
to an excess at work, because laws, social proscription 
and custom relating to land, kept from him a large part 
of the natural fruits of his labor. Every country of the 
globe has witnessed since 1850 the indomitable pluck 
and energy of the Irish at work under equal laws and 
with a fair chance." — Walker. 

"It is to the statistician that the economist must look 
for his facts Statistics are far from being the 



52 Southern Civilization 

barren array of figures ingeniously and laboriously com- 
bined into columns and tables which many persons are 
apt to suppose them. They constitute rather the ledger 
of a nation, in which, like the merchant in his books, 
the citizen can read, at one view, all the results of a year, 
or of a period of years, as compared with other periods, 
and deduce the profit or loss, which has been made in 
morals, education, wealth, or power." — James De Bow. 

"One day of justice is better than seventy years of 
good wishes." — Arab Proverb. 

"This Bible is for the government of the people, by 
the people, and for the people." — Wycliff and Hereford 
in Preface to the Translation of the Bible (1384)- 



A State. 

"What constitutes a State? 
Not high-raised battlements, or labor'd mound, 

Thick wall, or moated gate; 
Not cities proud, with spires and turrets crown'd; 

No : men, high-minded men. 

Men, who their duties know; 
But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain 

These constitute a State." 



Southern Civilization 53 

Benefits of Magna Charta. 

*^It is observable that the language of the Great 
Charta is simple, brief, general, without being abstract, 
and expressed in terms of authority, not of argument, 
yet commonly so reasonable as to carry with it the in- 
trinsic evidence of its own fitness. It was understood 
by the simplest of the unlettered age for whom it was 
intended. It was remembered by them ; and though they 
did not perceive the extensive consequences which might 
be derived from it, their feelings were, however, uncon- 
sciously exalted by its generality and grandeur." — Mack- 
intosh, — Gems of Great Authors. 

"Tacitus, in gloomy meditation on the imperial des- 
potism of Eome, exclaimed, ^How rare are those happy 
times when men may think what they please, say what 
they think.' " 

"A word of truth now and then comes like the drop 
of water on the tongue of Dives." — Jefferson. 

"In 1776 the French King issued an edict declaring 
that he held his crown from God alone." — Lecky. 

"Rebellion against wrong is obedience to God." 

"The sacred rights of man are not to be rummaged 
for among old parchments or musty records. They are 



54 Southern Civilization 

written as with a sunbeam in the whole volume of human 
nature by the hand of divinity itself and can never be 
erased by mortal power." — Quoted in "The Struggle for 
American Independence/' 

"The true instrument of man's degradation is ignor- 
ance." — Lady Montague. 

"And why have mankind groaned so long under so 
terrible a system as that of arbitrary rule ? Because over 
the greater part of the world they have not had it in 
their power to make use of their intelligence, or to com- 
municate it; they have been kept in ignorance by their 
governors, in order to make them labour for their profit 
and pleasure, or to fight in wars in which they were in 
no wise interested ; and where the chosen few, who could 
enlighten mankind as to their condition, have been wil- 
ling so to do, they have been prevented by restriction 
having been put upon their circulating or publishing 
their writing." — Maltravers. 

"Riches make for inequality. Wealth is human." — 
Sir Oliver Lodge, 

"Wealth is abundance in use, and riches superabund- 
ance stacked on shelves. Wealth lies in comforts, an' 
riches is apt to be cold Money." — Sonny's Father. 

"The rich will do anything for the poor but get off 
their backs." — Tolstoy. 



Southern Civilization 55 

"Those who have wealth and power are doubtful and 
troubled in their possessions. Those who are oppressed 
and exploited are awakening to the demand for life. 
The suffering colossus of the ages — woman, who has 
agonized and submitted in silence for so long, is stirring 
to the consciousness of freedom and humanity." — Griggs, 

"I will tell you what a slave is : 

"A slave is he who watches, with abject spirit, the 
eye of another; he waits timidly till another man shall 
have told him whether he is to be miserable to-day; his 
comforts and his peace depend on the breath of an- 
other's mouth. No man can be this unless he pleases. If 
he has fallen as to externals, into another's power, still 
there is a point that at his own will he can reserve. He 
can refuse to crouch; he may walk fearless and erect; 
the words that he utters may be supplied by that reason, 
to which the high and low, rich and poor, have equally 
access ; and if he that the misjudging world calls a slave 
may retain all that is most substantial in independence, 
is it possible that he whom circumstances have made free 
should voluntarily put the fetters on his own feet, the 
manacles on his own hands, and drink the bitter draught 
of subjection and passive obedience." — Mandeville. 

"Liberty is the daughter of Philosophy ; and they who 
detest the offspring do all that they can to vilify and dis- 
countenance the mother." — Knox. Gems of Great 
Authors. 



56 Southern Civilization 

"Liberty, the greatest of all earthly blessings 

Oive ns that precious jewel ! — Patrick Henry. 

"Philosophy is ever employed in finding out whatever 
is Good and whatever True. She darts her eagle eyes 
over all the busy world, detects errors and mischiefs, 
and points out modes of improvement. In the multiform 
state of human affairs, ever obnoxious to decay and abuse, 
it is hers to meditate on the means of melioration. She 
wishes to abolish nothing but what is a nuisance. To 
build, to repair, to strengthen, and to polish, these are 
the works which she delights to plan; and, in consider- 
ing the best method of directing this accomplishment, 
she consumes the midnight oil. How can she disturb 
human affairs, since she dwells in contemplation, and 
descends not to action? Neither does she impel others 
to action by the arts of delusive eloquence. She applies 
to reason alone; and if reason is not convinced, all that 
she has done is swept away, like the web of Arachne. 

Truth and Good are eternal and immutable; 

and therefore philosophy, which is solely attached to 
these, is still one and the same, whether ancient or 
modern. — Knox (Gems of Great Authors). 

"Duty is the sublimest word in the English lan- 
guage." — The "Duty Letter." 

"General Lee thought that the men of the South 
should stay at home and build up what had been laid 



Southern Civilization 57 

waste by war. He wrote to one of his friends thus: 
'She (Virginia) has need for all of her sons, and can ill 
afford to spare yon.' Once more he wrote : 'I think the 
South needs the aid of her sons now more than at any 
time of her history. As you ask, I will state that I have 
no thought of leaving her.' " — M. L. Williamson. 

"Now is the constant syllable ticking from the clock 

of time. Now is the watchword of the wise 

Now is ours; Then may never be." — Gems of Grea,t 
AutJiors. 

"Stern Daughter of the Voice of God, Duty!" 
— Wordsworth. 

For as water will not ascend higher than the level 
of the first springhead from whence it descendeth, so 
knowledge derived from Aristotle and exempted from 
liberty of examination will not rise again higher than 
the knowledge of Aristotle. And, therefore, although 
the position be good, portet discentem credere, yet it 
must be coupled with this, portel edoctum judicare; 
for disciples do owe unto masters only a temporary be- 
lief and a suspension of their own judgment till they be 
fully instructed, and not an absolute resignation or per- 
petual captivity." — Advancement of Learning. 

So every degree of proceeding in a science giveth a 
light to that which followeth; which light if we 



58 Southern Civilization 

strengthen by drawing it forth into questions or places 
of inquiry, we do greatly advance our pursuit." — Ad- 
vancement of Learning. 

"Rome is a story, Greece a dream, 
Babylon, brick-heaps by a stream; 
No sun wakes Memnon's stoney lips, 
Old Egypt, with her tasks and whips. 
And Xerxes' horde of sunburst tribes, 

Are themes of schools and deep-learned scribes." 

— Anonymous. 

"Observe diligently things past, because they throw 
light upon things to come." — Guicciardini. 

"The prayer of Ajax was for light; 
Through all that dark and desperate fight, 
The blackness of that noonday night. 
He asked but the return of sight, 
To see his foeman's face. 

"Let our unceasing, earnest prayer 
Be, too, for light, for strength to bear 
Our portion of the weight of care 
That crushes into dumb despair 
One half the human race. 

"0 suffering sad humanity ! 
ye afflicted ones, who lie 



Southern Civilization 59 

Steeped to the lips in misery, 

Patient, though sorely tried." 

—The GoUet of Life. 

"There is no part of the administration of govern- 
ment that requires extensive information and a thorough 
knowledge of the principles of political economy, so 
much as the business of taxation." — Hamilton. 

"There isn't any doubt that poverty is one of the 
causes of divorce, if not the largest cause. I was for 
seven years judge of the divorce court here in Denver, 
and in my time as a judge of the county court I have 
divorced perhaps thousands of people. The trouble is 
that people are not strong enough to stand up under the 
grind of poverty. It might not seem in many cases to 
be the direct cause, but it is the indirect cause." — Judge 
Lindsay. 

"Society," said Talleyrand, "is divided into two 
classes, the fleecers and the fleeced." 

"I never could believe that Providence had sent a 
few men into the world, ready booted and spurred to 
ride, and millions ready saddled and bridled to be 
ridden." — Richard Rumhold. 

"The price of liberty is eternal vigilance." 



60 Southern Civilization 

"Madame Defarge knitted with nimble fingers and 
«teady eyebrows and saw 'nothing/ " — Dickens. 

"A people long used to hardships lose by degrees the 
very notions of liberty : they look upon themselves as at 
mercy." — Swift. 

"Conquered nations are always the subjects of slan- 
der to their foreign masters, who seek to sanction their 
own injustice, by assuming the worthlessness of their 
victims." — Lady Montague. 

"When Asiatic indifference gives way there 

is no length to which the hot and impetuous temper be- 
neath may not carry the man." — Crawford. 

"We preachers owe very much to the pew, more than 
we often confess, more, perhaps, than we know. At any 
rate, after thirty-five years of preaching, I am convinced 
that far more depends upon the attitude of the pew than 
I have often imagined; and I am more and more im- 
pressed by the power which the pew is in itself and by 
its influence upon the preacher." On Congregations in 
the Southern States: "They impress 5^ou with the feel- 
ing that no bolt that was ever forged could have sur- 
prised them, and nothing you can say can wake them 
up. Yet no man has preached often in the Southern 
States without discovering that beneath that apparent 
languor there is passion and there is power I 



Southern Civilization 61 

prophecy that in another fifty years we shall see the men 
of the Southern States of the United States of America 
marching to the most marvelous victories in every single 
department of human life." — Rev. G, Campbell Morgan, 
in the British CongregationaUst. 

"The discovery of what is true, and the practise of 
that which is good, are the two most important objects 
of philosophy." — Voltaire. 

"No one has ever yet lived whose career has had so 
great an effect on human affairs as Columbus." — Booh 
of Human Character. 

"Blessed is he who has found his work He 

has a life purpose." — Carlyle. 

"Philosophy is the art and law of life, and it teaches 
us what to do in all cases, and, like good marksmen, to 
hit the white at any distance." 

Thales and the Olives. 

"For when they reviled him [Thales, the Milesian] 
for his poverty, as if the study of philosophy was useless, 
it is said that while it was yet winter, he perceived 

that there would be great plenty of olives that 

year, and that having got a supply of money, he bought 
on a small security all the oil presses that were in Miletus 



62 Southern Civilization 

and Chios, which he hired at a low price, as there was 
no one to bid against him. When the season came for 
making oil, many persons wanted them, and so all at 
once he let them upon terms he pleased; and raising a 
large sum of money by that means, he convinced them 
that it was easy for philosophers to be rich if they chose 
it; in this manner is Thales said to have shown his 
wisdom." — Aristotle's Politics. 

The Ideal State. 

At a dinner given by Periander, tyrant of Corinth, 
to the Seven Wise Men, including Anarcharsis, the ques- 
tion was asked. What is the Ideal State? or most per- 
fect form of popular government? The answers given 
by the philosophers were as follows : 

Solon: "That in which an injury done to the least 
of its citizens is an injury done to all." 

Bias: "Where the law has no superior." 

Thales: "Where the rich are neither too rich, nor 
the poor too poor." 

Anarcharsis: "Where virtue is honored, and vice de- 
tested." 

Pittacus: "Where dignities are always conferred on 
the good, and never on the bad." 

Cleobulus: "Where the citizens fear blame more 
than punishment." 

Chilo : "Where the laws are more regarded, and have 
more authority than the orators." — Short Sayings of 
Great Men. 



Southern Civilization 63 

"There is no way but one to reform men, and that is 
to render them happier." — St. Pierre. 

"The few may give the turn to affairs." — Guicciar- 
dini. 

"It is a duty to respect the future." — Champlain. 

"We are not born for ourselves, but each to help 
other." — Captain John Smith. 

''He that runneth hy may read it." 

''Knowledge is power." 

"Eise ! for the day is passing ! 
And you lie dreaming on ; 
The others have buckled their armour. 

And forth to the fight have gone ; 
A place in the ranks awaits you, 
Each man has a part to play; 
The past and the future are looking 
In the face of the stern to-day." 

— Procter. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Empty your purse into your head and then you 
will never lose it. 

— Benjamin Franklin. 



Books for Economic and Political Science 
Libraries. 

Economics. 
Principles of Political Economy — Taussig. 
Principles of Political Economy — Marshall. 
Principles of Economics — Beligman. 
Principles of Economics — Gide. 
Political Economy — WalJcer. 
Outlines of Economics — Ely. 
Political Economy — J. 8. Mill. 
Principles of Political Economy — Ricardo. 
Elements of Political Economy — Lauglilin. 
Principles of Wealth and Welfare — Raper. 
Scope and Methods of Political Economy — Keynes, 
The Physiocrats — Higgs. 
The Mercantilists — Schmoller. 
History of Economics — Dewe. 



The New Economy — Grovland. 
Our Foes at Home — Lush. 



Southern Civilization 65. 

Past, Present, and Future — H. Cary. 
Political Economy — Thomas Cooper. 
Political Economy — George Tucker. 
Political Economy — Horace Greely. 



Tariff History of Our Own Times— Tarhell 

Tariff Primer — Watson. 

Wealth of Nations — Adam Smith. 

The Industrial Eevolution — Toynbee. 

Industrial History of the United States — Coman. 

Industrial Revolution of the United States — Wright.. 

American History and Its Geographical Con- 
ditions — Semple. 

History of Commerce — Clive Day. 

History of American Manufactures — Bishop. 

Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth 
Century — Bruce. 

Confederate States of America — Schwab. 

The South in the Building of the Nation — Vols. I 
and II, Economic History. 

India and the Tariff Problem — Lees Smith. 

The Conquest of Bread — Kropothin. 

The Cotton Kingdom — Olmstead. 

The Cotton Industry — Hammond. 

From the Cotton Field to the Cotton Mill— T/iom/?- 
son. 

Lalor's Encyclopaedia. 

Dictionary of Political Economy — Palgrave. 



66 ^ontJiern Civilization 

Encyclopaedia of Social Eeform — Bilss. 
Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. 
Advanced English Grammar — Kittredge and Farley, 



/ Women and Labor — Schreiner. 
A Woman Eice-Planter — Pennington. 
The Deliverance — Glasgow. 
The Virginians — Thackeray. 
The Yemessee — Simms. 
Swallow Barn — Kennedy. 
Eairfax — Coolce. 

The Southern Planter — Smedes. 
To Have and to Hold — Johnson. 
The Leopard's Spots — Dixon. 
The Clansman — Dixon. 
The Victim — Dixon. 
The Crossing — Churchill. 

The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountain — Crad- 
dock. 

Jerry — Elliott. 

Eare Old Chums — Dromgoole. 



A Tale of Two Cities — Dickens. 
Les Miserables — Hugo. 

Political Science. 

American Government and Politics — Beard. 
Eeadings in American Government and Politics — 
Beard. 



Southern Civilization 67 

Economic Interpretation of the Constitution — Beard. 

The Stsite— Wilson, 

Congressional Government — Wilson. 

State Papers on the Tariff — TatLssig. 

The Kentucky Eesolutions — Warfield, 

Democracy and the Party System — Ostrogorshi. 

Financial History of the United States — Dewey. 

The Federalist — Hamilton. 

Eawle on the Constitution, Edition 1829. 

Debates of the State Conventions on the Federal Con- 
stitution — Elliot. 

Madison's Writings — Gaillard Hunt. 

Disquisition on Government — Calhoun. 

Federal Government — Freeman. 

Political Science and Constitutional Law — Burgess. 

Civil War and the Constitution — Burgess. 

The American Commonwealth — Bryce. 

Expansion and Conflict — Dodd. 

Commentaries — Story. 

The Struggle for American Independence — Fisher. 

The Critical Period of American History — FisJce. 

Party Government in the United States — Sloan. 

The Lost Principle of the Sectional Equilibrium — 
John Scott. 

The Heritage of the South — Early. 

Government of American Cities — Munro. 

American City Government — Beard. 

International Law — Lawrence. 

Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction — Dun- 
ning. 



68 Houtheru Civilization 

The Whig Party in the South— Cole. 

Thirty Years' View — Benson. 

Democracy in America — De Toqueville. 

Democracy in Europe — May. 

Democracy and Liberty — Lechy. 

Organized Democracy — Cleveland. 

Aristotle's Politics. 

Memorabilia — Xenaphon. 

Treatises on Government — Locke. 

Spirit of Laws — Montesquieu. 

The Social Contract — Bousseau. 

Progress and Poverty — H. George, 

Divine Eight of Kings — Figgis. 

Fragments on Government — Bentham. 

Monarchia — Dante. 

Patriarchia — Filmore. 

Discourse on Government — Sidney. 

Eepublic — Plato. 

The New Atlantis — Bacon, 

The Prince — Macchiavelli. 

The Great Leviathan — Holies, 



Burlamaqui. 
Beccaria. 
Puffendorf. 
Kant. • 



Looking Backward — Bellamy. 
Utopia — More. 



Southern Civilization 69 

History, 

The First Republic in America — Brown. 

English Politics in Early Virginia History — Brown. 

History of Virginia — Coohe. 

Old Virginia and Her Neighbors — Fishe. 

History of Virginia — Howison. 

The Colonies — Thwaites. 

The Eomance of American Colonization — Griffis. 

History of the United States — Bancroft. 

History of the United States — Greg. 

History of the United States — Wilson. 

A History of the United States — Eggleston. 

History of the United States — McMaster. 

The Genesis of the United States — Brown. 

The Old Dominion — Page. 

History of the United States — M. P. Andrews. 

The Birth of the Nation — Pryor. 

The True History of the American Nation — Fisher. 

The Northwest Under Three Flags — Moore. 

The Old South— Pa^e. 

The Old South— iJflmtV. 

Williamsburg — Tylor. 

Shelby and His Men — Edwards. 

The Way to the West— Hough. 

The Cradle of the Confederacy — Hodgson. 

Eise and Fall of the Confederate Government — Davis. 

The War Between the Union and the Confederacy — 
Oates. 

Civil History of the Government of the Confederate 
States — Curry. 



70 Southern Civilization 

The Story of the Confederate States — Derry. 

Destruction and Eeeonstruction — Taylor. 

Service Afloat During the War Between the States — 
Bemmes. 

Two Years on the Alabama — St. Clair. 

The Southern States of the American Union — Curry, 

Nullification and Secession — Powell. 

The War in America — Shaffner. 

Some Southern Questions — MacCorhle. 

The Lower South in the American Union — Brown. 

The Sectional Struggle — Harris. 

History of Reconstruction — Wise. 

The Confederate Cause and Conduct in War Between 
the States — McGuire. 

A Soldier's Recollections — McKim. 

Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama — Flem- 
ming. 

History of Reconstruction — McPherson. 

The Prostate State— Pilce. 

Some Truths of History — Ogleshy. 

The True Story of Andersonville Prison — Page. 

Anderson ville — H. A. Braum. 

Prison Life of Jefferson Davis — Craven. 

The Trent Affair— T. L. Harris. 

History of Louisiana — Phelps. 

Romance of Louisiana — Gayarre. 

New Orleans : The Place and the People — King. 

Bienville — King. 

Romance and Realism of the Southern Gulf Coast — 
Myers. 



Southern Civilization "M 

Dixie Book of Days (1912) — Andrews. 

Outlines of United States History — Ellet. 

History of Georgia — Stevens. 

History of Georgia — Rutherford. 

Georgia: The Land and the People — MitcheL 

History of Tennessee — Ramsey. 

History of Tennessee — Phelan. 

Tennessee History Stories — Earns. 

History of Alabama — Pickett. 

History of South Carolina — Simms. 

History of South Carolina — Ramsay. 

History of South Carolina — McCready. 

Maryland — Browne. 

History of North Carolina — Raper. 

History of North Carolina — Henderson. 

North Carolina History Stories — Allen. 

Kansas — Spring. 

Missouri — Carr. 

History of Mississippi — Duval. 

The Federal Union and Mississippi — Ellet. 

Florida — FairhanTcs. 

Arkansas — Shinn. 

History of Texas — Pennyhacker. 

Texas History Stories — Littlejohn. 

Texas — Garrison. 

Under Six Flags — Davis. 

Half Hours in Southern History — Hall. 

Camp-Fire Stories — BanTcston. 

The Ku-Klux Klan— Rose. 



72 SoiitluTn Civilization 

Stories from American History — J. C. Harris. 
Stories of Dixie — Nicholson. 
Grandmother Stories — H. M. Lovett. 
Memories — Beers. 

Memories of the Civil War — Darling. 
Short History of the English People — Green. 
A Short History of the Scottish People — MacMillan. 
The Making of Ireland, and Its Unmaking — Green. 
Ireland in the New Century — PlunTcett. 
Norway and the Union With Sweden — Nansen. 
Finland: A Little Land That Is True to Itself— 
Gray. 

The South African Question — Schreiner. 

Political Questions in South Africa — Schreiner. 

Eambles and Studies in Greece — Mahaffy. 

Dixie After the War — Avary. 

A Virginia Girl in the Civil War — Avary. 

War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl — Andrews. 

A Girl's Life in Virginia Before the War — Burwell. 

A Southern Girl in 'Ql~Wright. 

My Beloved South — O^Conner. 

Logic of History — Carpenter. 

The Olive Branch (Early Edition) — Mathew Gary. 

Biography. 

The True George Washington — Ford. 
Life of George Washington — Irving. 
Life of John Randolph — Garland. 



Southern Civilization 73 

Alexander Hamilton — Lodge. 

Life of Patrick Henry — Tyler. 

Life of Thomas Jefferson — Curtis. 

Life of Thomas Jefferson — Watson. 

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. 

Life of James Madison — Gaillard Hunt. 

Life of George Mason — Rowland. 

Life of Nathaniel Macon — Dodd. 

Life of J. Q. Adams — Morse. 

Life of J. C. Calhoun — Hunt. 

Eobert L. Hayne and His Times — Jervey. 

Life of Daniel Webster — Lodge. 

The Story of Andrew Jackson — A. H. Lewis. 

Life of Eobert Toombs — Phillips. 

The Life of William T. CrawioTd—Shipp. 

The True Henry Clay — Rogers. 

Life of Benton — Roosevelt. 

Life of Judah P. Benjamin — Butler. 

Eobert E. Lee — Page. 

Jefferson Davis — Mrs. Davis. 

Abraham Lincoln — Curtis. 

Eecollections of Alexander Stephens — Stephens. 

Life of Stonewall Jackson — Mrs. Jackson. 

Life of Stonewall Jackson — Henderson. 

Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General — PolTc. 

Memoirs of General Grant. 

Eeminiscences of the Civil War — Gordon. 

Memoirs of John H. Eeagon — Alderman. 

Memoirs of the Confederate War — Von Borcke. 



74 Southern Civilization 

Life of J. L. M. Curry — Alderman. 
Joel C. Harris : Formative Years Preceding the Pub- 
lication of "Uncle Eemus" — Wiggins. 

Henry Grady: His Life, Writings and Speeches. 

Life of Cyrus McCormick — Casson. 

Eliza Lucas — Ravenel. 

The Mother of Washington, and Her Times — Pryor. 

Martha Washington — A. H. Wharton. 

The Journal of Julia Le Grande. 

The Story of Helen Kellar. 

The Southern Race Question. 

The Attitude of Virginia Toward Slavery — Beverly 
Mumford. 

The Crises — Hinton Helper. 

The Negro Problem — Picket. 

The Abolition Crusade — Hillary Herbert. 

The Negro: The Southerner's Problem — Page. 

A Political History of Slavery — Smith. 

Eacial Supremacy — Goddard. 

The Color Line — Smith. 

Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery — Jay. 

The Underground Eailroad — Siehert. 

A History of Slavery in Virginia — Ballagh. 

The Gospel Among the Slaves — Pub. House, M. E. 
Church, South. 

Bandanna Ballads — Weeden. 

Aunt Phillis' Cabin — Eastman. 



Southern Civilization '^^ 

Monsieur Motte — King. 

Told by Uncle Eemns — Harris. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin — Stowe. 

Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin — Stowe. 

A Thousand Testimonials — Anti-Slavery Society. 

The Basis of Ascendency — Murphy. 

The Black Eepublic — Spencer St. John. 

The French Eevolution in San Domingo — Stoddard. 

In Darkest Africa — Stanley. 

The Sins of the Fathers — Dixon. 

Toward The Gu\t—BuclcnelL 

Miscellaneous. 

Prehistoric Times — Lubhoch. 

Ancient Society — Morgan. 

Ancient Law — Maine. 

The Study of Sociology — Spencer. 

Man Versus The State — Spencer. 

Eaces of Men — Knox. 

The Spirit of the Orient— Znox. 

Problems of the Present South — Murphy. 

The German Workman — Dawson. 

Poverty — Hunter. 

The People of the Abyss — London. 

The Social Unrest — BrooTcs. 

Principles of Social Economics — Gunton. 

The Beast — Lindsay. 

Human Progress — Griggs. 



76 Southern Civilisation 

The English Village Community — Seebohm. 
The Old English Manor — Andrews. 
An Outline of Philosophy — Watson. 
Eeading-Book in Modern Philosophy — Partridge. 
The New Philosophy of Henry Bergson — Le Roy. 
Development — McCash. 
Descartes and Spinoza — Ivernach. 
The Five Great Philosophies — Hyde. 
When a Man Comes to Himself — Wilson. 

We can better understand the past by reading its authors. 
Make a collection of old books on American history by 
reputable authors. Early editions are preferable. 

Good books by ancient authors are as lumps of gold; for 
they are more carefully written than the books of the present 
day, and therefore they afford a better insight into the affairs 
of the times they record. 

Study : 

The Official Eecords of Robert Dinwiddle, Lieutenant- 
Governor of Virginia. 
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Edition 1852). 
The Writings of George Washington — SparTcs. 
The Writings of Alexander Hamilton (Edition 1839). 
The Works of Benjamin Franklin — SparTcs. 
The Life of John Randolph (Edition 1^^^)— Garland. 
The Works of John Adams (Edition 1850)— C. F. Adams 
Madison Papers (Edition 1842) — E. D. Gilpin. 
Marshall's Works. 
Writings of John Quincy Adams. 



Southern Civilization 77' 

Works of Daniel Webster (Edition 1854). 
Calhoun's Works (Edition 1854.) 
Life and Speeches of Henry Clay. 

And Speeches of Hayne, McDuffy, Stephens, Toombs,, 
and other Statesmen. 

Turn the searchlight on your country's history. 
Scan for facts. 



IT has been my desire to add to your knowledge of the 
great sciences that concern wealth, welfare, civiliza- 
tion, preservation — the inseparable sciences of Economics 
and Politics. And while I am conscious that my mother- 
wit has not proved sufficiently efficient for this purpose, 
I can at least advise you, that in my mind's agitation of 
the subject (as I hope you will perceive), I have followed 
the instructions embodied in the maxim of Francis 
Guicciardini, to-wit: 

"The more thou dost toss and turn things in thy 
mind, the better they are planned, and put into action."" 

HELEN GRAY. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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